Judaism - Meaning of life Essay Example for Free

Judaism Meaning of life Essay The meaning of life is a philosophical question concerning the significance of life or existence in general. It can also be expressed in different forms, such as Why are we here? , What is life all about? , and What is the purpose of existence? It has been the subject of much philosophical, scientific, and theological speculation throughout history. There have been a large number of proposed answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds. The meaning of life is in the philosophical and religious conceptions of existence, social ties, consciousness, and happiness, and borders on many other issues, such as symbolic meaning, ontology, value, purpose, ethics, good and evil, free will, the existence of one or multiple Gods, conceptions of God, the soul, and the afterlife. Scientific contributions focus primarily on describing related empirical facts about the universe, exploring the context and parameters concerning the how of life. Science also studies and can provide recommendations for the pursuit of well-being and a related conception of morality. An alternative, humanistic approach poses the question What is the meaning of my life? The value of the question pertaining to the purpose of life may coincide with the achievement of ultimate reality, or a feeling of oneness, or even a feeling of sacredness. governs the universe. Closeness with the God of Israel is through study of His Torah, and adherence to its mitzvot (divine laws). In traditional Judaism, God established a special covenant with a people, the people of Israel, at Mount Sinai, giving the Jewish commandments. Torah comprises the written Pentateuch and the transcribed oral tradition, further developed through the generations. The Jewish people are intended as a kingdom of priests and a holy nation[69] and a light to the Nations, influencing the other peoples to keep their own religio-ethical Seven Laws of Noah. The messianic era is seen as the perfection of this dual path to God. Jewish observances involve ethical and ritual, affirmative and prohibative injunctions. Modern Jewish denominations differ over the nature, relevance and emphases of mitzvot. Jewish philosophy emphasises that God is not affected or benefited, but the individual and society benefit by drawing close to God. The rationalist Maimonides sees the ethical and ritual divine commandments as a necessary, but insufficient preparation for philosophical understanding of God, with its love and awe. [70] Among fundamental values in the Torah are pursuit of justice, compassion, peace, kindness, hard work, prosperity, humility, and education. [71][72] The world to come,[73] prepared in the present, elevates man to an everlasting connection with God. [74] Simeon the Righteous says, the world stands on three things: on Torah, on worship, and on acts of loving kindness. The prayer book relates, blessed is our God who created us for his honor and planted within us everlasting life. Of this context, the Talmud states, everything that God does is for the good, including suffering. The Jewish mystical Kabbalah gives complimentary esoteric meanings of life. As well as Judaism providing an immanent relationship with God (personal theism), in Kabbalah the spiritual and physical creation is a paradoxical manifestation of the immanent aspects of Gods Being (panentheism), related to the Shekhinah (Divine feminine). Jewish observance unites the sephirot (Divine attributes) on high, restoring harmony to creation. In Lurianic Kabbalah, the meaning of life is the messianic rectification of the shattered sparks of Gods persona, exiled in physical existence (the Kelipot shells), through the actions of Jewish observance. [75] Through this, in Hasidic Judaism the ultimate essential desire of God is the revelation of the Omnipresent Divine essence through materiality, achieved by man from within his limited physical realm, when the body will give life to the soul. Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism is the religion and philosophy named after its prophet Zoroaster, which is believed to have influenced the beliefs of Judaism and its descendant religions. [77] Zoroastrians believe in a universe created by a transcendental God, Ahura Mazda, to whom all worship is ultimately directed. Ahura Mazdas creation is asha, truth and order, and it is in conflict with its antithesis, druj, falsehood and disorder. (See also Zoroastrian eschatology). Since humanity possesses free will, people must be responsible for their moral choices. By using free will, people must take an active role in the universal conflict, with good thoughts, good words and good deeds to ensure happiness and to keep chaos at bay.

Sexism in the Workplace :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

Sexism in the Workplace Gender Roles Children learn from their parents and society the conception of "feminine" and "masculine." Much about these conceptions is not biological at all but cultural. The way we tend to think about men and women and their gender roles in society constitute the prevailing paradigm that influences out thinking. Riane Eisler points out that the prevailing paradigm makes it difficult for us to analyze properly the roles of men and women in prehistory "we have a cultural bias that we bring to the effort and that colors our decision-making processes." Sexism is the result of that bias imposed by our process of acculturation. Gender roles in Western societies have been changing rapidly in recent years, with the changes created both by evolutionary changes in society, including economic shifts which have altered the way people work and indeed which people work as more and more women enter the workforce, and by perhaps pressure brought to make changes because of the perception that the traditional social structure was inequitable. Gender relations are a part of the socialization process, the initiation given the young by society, teaching them certain values and creating in them certain behavior patterns acceptable to their social roles. These roles have been in a state of flux in American society in recent years, and men and women today can be seen as having expanded their roles in society, with women entering formerly male dominions and men finding new ways to relate to and function in the family unit. When I was growing up a woman was never heard of having a job other than a school teacher or seamstress. Our(women's)job was to take care of the house. We had a big garden out back from which we got most of our vegetables?A garden is a lot of work you know?We also had to make clothes when there were none to be had(hand-me- downs) Gender can be defined as a social identity consisting of the role a person is to play because of his or her sex. There is a diversity in male and female roles, making it impossible to define gender in terms of narrow male and female roles. Gender is culturally defined, with significant differences from culture to culture. These differences are studied by anthropologists to ascertain the range of behaviors that have developed to define gender and on the forces at work in the creation of these roles.

Should Animal Rights Activists Be Held Accountable for Abuse Videos? Essay

The animal rights discourse is one of the structural characteristics of modern rational pluralism as well as one of the ironically legitimate discourses of post-modern civilization. From a sympathetic understanding point of view, we should elucidate Tom Reagan’s strong point of view and Mary Anne Warren’s weak point of view regarding animal rights. It is in our nature to uncover the limits as well as legitimize the value appeals of animals and indicate that we can clarify our duties by taking the discussion of animal rights seriously. Therefore, indeed, animals have rights so along as they live, breath and walk among us. There is much debate as to whether non-human animals should be awarded rights and to what extent these rights reach. However, there is much less disagreement in accepting that indeed animals do have rights, as opposed to the opposite. The line between animal and human rights is not unclear like most simple minds tend to reason. A line is drawn and it includes factors that cannot be ignored at all. Simple minds do not understand that the very essence of animals living and breathing as well as walking among us is that we are just like them, only that we are more evolved. Quite strangely, sometimes in this life you will find individuals who are no better than the creatures they deny rights. Although the idea for animal rights dates back to the 18th century, it has only become something more or less of a cause caliber among several well-placed intellectuals and philosophers. Jeremy Bentham seems to have put animal rights on the legal map by requiring the humane treatment of animals. It is important to note that Jeremy in his arguments does not support animal rights per se. In the book â€Å"the case for animal rights† (UC press, 1983), the idea of animal rights is found to be intellectually congenial but the idea extends to placing animals close to humans in the evolutionary cycle. Times that are more recent have brought to light a different tradition, namely, the utilitarianism. The emergence of animal liberation emerged with a big bang. The concept is the same but the argument has been tweaked a little bit to cover the idea of animal rights in general. The scope does not propose animal domination, but rather the animals are well off in their lives. The essay will maintain that animals have rights and have a need to be liberated. We will argue that another point of view from this is a mistake. Philosophers have avoided arguing that not all non-human animals should have rights for two major reasons. The first is because the consequences of doing so are limiting for humanity. The second reason is that the granting of such rights to creatures so simple makes the idea of granting them such rights seem to lack sense. One such leading author restricts such rights to mentally healthy animals, which are then referred to as ‘adult animals’ (Pallota, 20). Therefore, the argument is presented in three simple facts. The first is that human beings have rights; the second fact is that there is no moral difference between humans and adult animals and the third one indicates that the adult animals should have rights, as well. The main argument for this is that both human beings and adult mammals are subject of life. This means that there are several factors that liken all mammals without putting one on a pedestal. The factors include; both are similar in terms of biological complexity, they are both aware of their existence. In addition, they know what’s happening to them, they prefer some things to others, they make conscious choices, they try to plan their lives, and finally that the length of their life matters to them. Just like human beings, being the subject of a life means that we are of inherent value. Inherent value is not measured in how useful we are in the world and as well, it does not diminish if they are a burden to others. Therefore, adult animals should be afforded rights just as humans. In this lifetime, we cannot all agree on the same thing no matter how irrefutable your facts are. In the case of animal rights, there are more than a few arguments put forward. Some of these reasons include said facts such as; they do not think they are not conscious; they were put on this earth to serve man. In addition, they have no souls, they do not behave morally, they are not members of a moral community, they lack the capacity of free judgment and finally, they do not think. For instance, St. Thomas Aquinas records that animals respond to instinct while humans engage in rational thought. This is oddly debatable because there are some humans who do not listen nor react to reason. An article in the New York Times dated 5th April 2012 states that providing animals with rights is c categorical mistake in the philosophy. It also states, â€Å"Eagerness to treat animals kindly does not justify imposing one’s hopes and dreams for them on humans† (Tibor, 12). Religion, on the other hand, teaches that it is only human beings with souls should deserve ethical considerations. Since non-human animals have no soul, then they are not entitled to having any moral rights. This argument is not useful because there are many controversies in the concept of a soul. It is not humanly possible to establish the existence of a soul in human beings or animals in a definitive experimental manner. In conclusion, it is only sane and morally right to remember that it is in the nature of man to uncover the limits and at the same time legitimize the value appeals of non- human animals. It is only morally right to take animal rights seriously so long as we walk breath and live on this earth with the animals. Animals deserve the decency of clean habitats, food, water and medication. It is their right as dictated by nature, long before man made up his own rules that seeks to make him superior to any other being on this planet. Animals used to roam the earth long before man became civilized and they had their own rules. Man and animal might have had a few run-ins, but we lived together. Unlike the simple minds who might think that we are referring to constitutional rights, animals deserve to live comfortably like nature intended for man and animal to co-exist. What matters is that we understand and treat the animals with humanity, after all, only humans can show humanity. As they say, we are all insane, what differentiates us is the level of insanity. In the same respect, we are all animals, what separates us is the level of evolution. References â€Å"Animal Rights Debate.† BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Animals do not have Rights.† The NY Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. . Cody, Shyann. â€Å"Concern for the Animals.† Countryside & Small Stock Journal 1 Nov. 2012: 45-57. Print. â€Å"Should Animal Rights Activists Be Held Accountable for Abuse Videos?.† BEEF 26 Nov. 2013: 67-105. Print. Source document

Burger King and Its Advertising Campaigns Essay

Burger King is a reliable burger company which has had its ups and downs. In 1974, it came out with a slogan of â€Å"Have it your way† and at this time it also had a 4 % market share. Burger King’s idea was to have the customer have their burger done their way rather than a standard burger. In the early 80’s Burger King was trying to keep sales growing so they had to keep changing their advertising. In 1982 â€Å"Battle of the burgers† and â€Å"Aren’t you hungry for a Burger king now? † were the slogans used. In 1983 â€Å"Broiling vs. frying† and 1985 â€Å"The big switch†. All these ads throughout the years helped increase market shares from 7. 6% to 8. 3% from 1983 to 1985. â€Å"Search for herb† was a slogan used by BK about a person that has never tasted a whopper burger, this campaign was supposed to increase market share by 10% but in reality only increased it by 1% it was a disaster. In 1986-1987 â€Å"this is a burger king town† and â€Å"best food for fast times† brought a lot of attention to the company. In 1988 â€Å"We do it like you do it† was used often but a year later they came out with two new slogans which confused the customer. In 1989 â€Å"Sometimes you gotta break the rules† and â€Å"BK tee vee† with MTV and Dan Cortese with â€Å"I love this place†. This was another huge setback for BK because people on the go and parents found this ad loud and irritating. BK at this time has failed to establish a solid image that would differentiate it from its competitors. Ads if anything only confused consumers as to what advantages BK offered. In 1993 it had a market share of 6. 1% were McDonalds had 15. 6% and BK’s sales were growing slower than its rivals. Failed advertising campaigns weren’t the only problem’s, they also had internal problems. Management lacked focus and direction and has struggled with marketing mix decisions. Franchises became confused and angered, service was slow and food preparation wasn’t consistent. Burger King lost its core product- flame broiled burgers, made the way the customer wanted them. Another thing that hurt them was the fact they didn’t lower prices to keep competing with their competitors this led to a below average sales growth. Many in store promotion also failed. In 1993 a new CEO was introduced, this allowed for huge turnaround and in fact it did. He helped please the franchises and responded to their problems and listened to their recommendations. Then later he lowered prices and hired a new advertising agency. 1. In reading this case analysis I figured Burger King to advertise the Whopper, but throughout the past years they didn’t do this. I figure the whopper or the flame broiled ads would have been more productive and probably would have resulted in greater sales margin. I also feel that the ads should have distinguished themselves from what other ads by letting the people know that burger king wasn’t just another standardized burger. Throughout the years, BK tried to establish the market by becoming someone they weren’t. I feel the ads used by BK should have been simple and to the point. This would have caused less confusion and more honesty with the customer, this is because you don’t want to advertise a pizza or a taco if your selling burgers. Other objectives BK wanted was to target teens with the MTV approach. This also failed because people found it loud and annoying. Then they tried a sit in type of restaurant, which also failed because people want a fast food low price meal not a high priced, sit down meal. Advertising is any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. Advertising is a good way to inform and persuade the customer. Advertising objectives are based on past decisions about the target market, positioning and target mix. There are five steps to making a major advertising decision these steps are as follows: Objective setting, Budget decisions, Message decision or media decision, and campaign evaluation. Along with these steps BK should also remember to inform, persuade, and to remind. These three are a must that a company should aim at, for example: in informing BK used the ad â€Å"Broiling vs. frying† in 1983 letting the consumer know that their burgers were broiled and not fried. In persuading, I think BK over did it and that is why I feel that they didn’t retain market share. They tried to be someone they weren’t with slogans like â€Å"search for herb† in 85 and many others like â€Å"BK Tee Vee† trying to persuade the younger generation and â€Å"Sometimes you gotta break the rules†. These slogans and more tried to persuade the consumer. In reminding their customers BK has done a good job. They’ve at least expanded nationally and internationally and always have commercials everywhere with a juicy whopper on the screen, reminding the viewer that BK is the only place a whopper is made. 2. BK’s past advertising and corporate strategy failed because BK did the two biggest mistakes they could have done. First they didn’t listen to the customer and second they didn’t advertise their main product a maintain a target market. In not accomplishing any of these two strategies in the past it allowed their rivals to get a lead on them. In 1993 McDonalds, for example, had a market share of 15. 6 percent compared to BK’s 6. 1 percent. This is because they established their market and didn’t try to invent new strategies. Burger King started to lose market shares when it first came out with the search for herb, and then it declined again when it tried to target the teenage generation rather than staying loyal to the general customer. It tried targeting the younger generation through MTV. This became insulting and irritating to the old customers and to the quiet more relaxed people and even all the young children who prefer clowns than some man screaming on TV . BK did not listen to its customer, they tried to establish a restaurant type of business, rather than their fast food burgers. Fast food patrons really wanted low prices and quick but high quality food, not a higher priced, sit down meal. The corporate strategy and the past advertising wasn’t the only problem and wasn’t the only one at fault for BK’s failure. They also had internal problems. Management has had troubles with the market mix decisions. Service was slow and food preparation was inconsistent and many stores needed remodeling. BK didn’t focus on its burger ,instead they were trying to experiment with pizza’s and ice cream. This caused confusion ,and confusion brings problems. To add to the problems BK was more expensive than McDonalds or Wendy’s combos, which was also hurt sales for Burger King. 3. For the new advertising campaign I would personally target the young and the old generation. I would also be very health conscious and try to establish myself as an environment safe corporation. Burger King is huge, they have the ability to do what they please, but they better make sure the customer are happy. I would make new slogans, and put new ideas for kids and grown ups to enjoy. I remember when I was growing up I used to love going to Burger King for a burger and getting a little toy. Now, you get a toy but the prices are so high you really end up paying for it anyway. I wouldn’t leave out the teenage to mid- twenty’s crowd, but I feel they are less influence by ads and specials, they will buy what is probably better and cheaper. Besides if you target them when they are small growing up then when they already grow they look they like you anyway. That is why you have to target the young and make sure you are good to them. New slogans are hard to come by in specially into this society where you better watch what you say or you will get suit. I do not really believe in slogans, I personally rather buy quality than to hear how good it could be. For me seeing is believing and I do not believe everything I hear. 4. I recommend a couple of things for Burger King to do. One has already been accomplish, this was I would first change the CEO. In this case Jim Adamson stepped in July 1991, since then Burger King has made a turn around. He listened and responded to franchise problems and recommendations. He locked into a strategy of concentrating on BK’s core products flame broiled, bigger burgers. He launched a new pricing structure which will compete with that of McDonald’s. Burger King also needed to get some effective advertising, and I believe Mr. Adamson also accomplished this, seeing BK has grown since 1991. He went back to the basics which I think was the most important part of a Company’s rebuilding, because this how you got to where you are and if all else fails, it’s like starting again with experience. BK became known as â€Å"The voice of the people† opposed to McDonald’s been known as the voice of the Corporation. I also feel BK advertising has improved. Now you see burgers on TV compare to Dan Cortese a couple of years ago. You also see people having a good time and eating a whopper. I feel Burger King is a company with many obstacles but it is also a company that if is stuck to its basic game plan, it could regain a great deal of the market share. If I was to give a recommendation it would probably be for BK to stay been loyal to your customers and to try to keep the market share.

Italian Soccer Teams Have Colorful Nicknames

Italian Soccer Teams Have Colorful Nicknames If there are three things you can count on Italians to be passionate about it would be: their food, their family and their soccer (calcio). The pride of Italian’s for their favorite team  knows no bounds. You can find fans (tifosi) fearlessly cheering in all kinds of weather, against all kinds of rivals, and with a dedication that endures generations. Part of the fun of learning about soccer in Italy is also learning about the nicknames of the teams. But first, its important to understand how soccer works in Italy. Soccer is broken down into various clubs, or â€Å"serie.† The best is â€Å"Serie A† followed by â€Å"Serie B† and â€Å"Serie C† etc. Teams in each â€Å"serie† compete against each other. The best team in â€Å"Serie A† is regarded as the best team in italy. The competition in Serie A is fierce and if a team doesn’t win or do well in a season, they can be demoted to a lower â€Å"serie† much to the shame and disappointment of their adoring fans. Now that you understand the basics of how Italian teams are ranked, it is easier to understand their nicknames. Italian Soccer Team Nicknames Some of these nicknames seem random but they all have a story. For example, one of my favorites is the Mussi Volanti (Flying Donkeys- Chievo). They were given this nickname by their rival team, Verona, because the odds of Chievo entering the Serie A league was so slim (like the English expression to express unlikely odds, â€Å"When pigs fly!† In Italian, it’s â€Å"When donkey’s fly!†).    I Diavoli (The Devils- (Milan), are called as such because of their red and black jerseys. I Felsinei (Bologna- is based on the ancient city name, Felsina), and I Lagunari (Venezia- comes from the Stadio Pierluigi Penzo that sits adjacent to the lagoon). Many teams, in fact, have multiple nicknames. For instance, the illustrious Juventus team (a longstanding member and winner of Serie A) is also known as La Vecchia Signora (The Old Lady), La Fidanzata dItalia (The Girlfriend of Italy), Le Zebre (The Zebras), and [La] Signora Omicidi ([The] Lady Killer). The Old lady is a joke because Juventus means young, and lady was added by rivals who were essentially poking fun of the team. It got it’s â€Å"girlfriend of Italy† nickname due to a large amount of southern Italians who, lacking their own Serie A team, became attached to Juventus, the third oldest (and most winning) team in Italy. Besides these less obvious nicknames, one other colorful tradition, is to refer to the teams by the color of their soccer jerseys (le maglie calcio). The terms are frequently seen in print (Palermo, 100 Anni di Rosanero), as part of fan club names (Linea GialloRossa), and in official publications. Even the Italian national soccer team is known as Gli Azzurri because of their blue jerseys. Below is a list of the nicknames associated with the 2015 Serie A Italian soccer teams when referring to their jersey colors: AC Milan: RossoneriAtalanta: NerazzurriCagliari: RossobluCesena: Cavallucci MariniChievo Verona: GiallobluEmpoli: AzzurriFiorentina: ViolaGenoa: RossobluHellas Verona: GiallobluInternazionale: NerazzurriJuventus: BianconeriLazio: BiancocelestiNapoli: AzzurriPalermo: RosaneroParma: GiallobluRoma: GiallorossiSampdoria: BlucerchiatiSassuolo: NeroverdiTorino: il Toro, i GranataUdinese: Bianconeri

Porfessional future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Porfessional future - Essay Example Brand management has always been important but I sincerely believe that globalisation has both expanded and intensified its importance. While my professional ambitions are centered on brand management, the truth is that wanting a particular career does not mean that one will be successful at that career. Professional success is only partially dependant upon interest and ambitions in and within a particular field and more so on understanding one's abilities, potentials, strengths, weaknesses and limitation and, importantly, selecting a career/profession which is correlated to the aforementioned. In other words, my later professional success is somewhat dependant upon my selecting a career in which my weaknesses and limitations will not function as an obstacle to success and where my strengths will be highlighted and my potential realized. Doing so is ultimately dependant on engagement in deep self-reflection, aiming towards the generation of a greater and more expanded self-awareness. This is precisely what this exercise aims to achieve by responding to a series of five questions, all of which contribute to the realization of the aforementioned. The first question I need to respond to is "where have I been" This question requires that I look back on my past to understand who I am and where I came from, thereby arriving at an understanding of the source of my current abilities, values, interests and beliefs. Starting from the beginning, I was brought up in Paraguay and Korea and, accordingly, am multilingual. While I am now studying marketing communications, I had completed two years of university in Paraguay where I studied English literature. As I reflect upon the stated, I find that they contain part of the answers to the questions earlier posed. Starting with the notion of values and beliefs, I find that while I have very strong beliefs and firm values, I always limit judgments to myself. I do not believe that I, or anyone else for that matter, has the right to judge another person or censure him/her for their beliefs or values. My reasoning is quite straightforward and simple. In brief, each person is a product of his/h er environment and the decisions he/she makes or the actions he/she takes are ultimately dependant on their environment and the circumstances which determined the decision or action in question. Therefore, from my perspective, rather than pass judgment, it is imperative that we make the effort to understand the rationale behind the decision which was made or the action that was taken. Upon critical reflection, I find that the aforementioned attitude is an outcome of my multicultural upbringing and my study of literature. Through exposure to different cultures, I learnt that values and beliefs were ultimately a product of culture and to pass judgment on them is to judge a culture, something which very few people, if any, are equipped to do. Added to that, through exposure to the thought processes and experiences of numerous characters through my reading of English literature, I learnt that the reasons why people undertook certain actions or made decisions were complicated and complex . The implication here is that rather than pass judgment, we need to understand where the other person is coming from and try to meet him/her on their terms in order to

Values Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Values Paper - Essay Example The officer also vows to be honest both in his personal and official life and to become an example by obeying the laws and regulations of the land. In this statement the officer also recognizes the importance of not permitting his personal feelings, animosities or friendships and prejudices to influence his decisions. He vows to enforce the law appropriately and courteously without malice, fear or favor and never to use unnecessary force or violence. Our Core Values Convict the guilty Protect victims Protect the innocent from wrongful conviction Maintain order Protect both the innocent and guilty from oppressive or arbitrary treatment Secure public confidence and cooperation in policing and prosecution; and Pursue these goals effectively and efficiently without disproportionate cost and consequent harm to other public services Our core values relate to the criminal justice agency’s values statement as follows: we strive to protect all people including the innocent and victims from oppressive or arbitrary treatment just like the criminal agency strives to protect all persons including the weak and the peaceful from oppression, violence or disorder. Another core value is securing public confidence in policing and prosecution which relates to the law officer will enforce the law without malice, fear or favor. ... These values are mostly based on a person’s ethnicity and the kind of people a person grows up with. They are also subject to change. According to Koivula (2008) values are abstract rules of desirable conduct and goals developed to fit the conditions in which the society lives. The author also asserts that common values ensure that members of a society understand each other and pursue similar goals in a compatible way without a great deal of negotiation. Values lead to knowledge sharing in the workplace (Koivula, 2008). The author gives an example of self-transcendence values including benevolence and Universalism which are positively connected with knowledge sharing in the workplace. Values make us better people and help us contribute to the betterment of the society including other people and the environment. Values drive us to helping other people either as individuals or groups. Values cause people to become independent in the workplace. People do not need to be closely su pervised if they are guided by values. One is able to determine the nature of his or her work without significant direction from others. Values enhance teamwork in the workplace. People tend to work towards common goals when they are guided by the same values. Employees are more likely to have a good working relationship when they work as a group and are governed by similar organizational values when performing their duties. Values lead to organizational change. Koivula (2008) found that attitudes rely on values and they usually guide behavior in the workplace. The author states that organizational change requires a person to at least sacrifice his or her own resources and interests for the benefit of the whole